![]() ![]() As a result, a multitude of applications to sense the brain in both health and disease have emerged over the past decade. In recent years, tremendous technological progress in both NIRS and DCS, along with advances in data analysis, have translated to improved accuracy, depth penetration, and spatial sensitivity. This review will focus primarily on two main diffuse optical techniques, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). On the contrary, the breadth and depth of the progress made in the field over the past decade could only be accomplished by a cohesive, focused, and tight-knit community of researchers! However, it should be noted that this term is in no way associated with how the field/community is organized or conducts its science. The term “diffuse” has historical connotations in the field and reflects how near-infrared photons propagate through biological tissue. In this text, we use the term “diffuse optics” to broadly describe any technique that employs a near-infrared light source and a photodetector to capture multiply scattered photons in the diffusion limit ( i.e., in the limit wherein the absorption coefficient, μ a, is much less than the reduced scattering coefficient, μ s ′, and the source-detector separation is much greater than the photon mean free path). 1 What started as a tool to quantify blood oxygenation in the brain has exploded into a whole field of study that aims to exploit this window to reveal a battery of information related to human brain physiology, including brain metabolism, blood flow, autoregulation, perfusion pressure, water concentration, light scattering, exogenous contrast agents, and more. We have come a long way since Jöbsis first demonstrated that noninvasive cerebral monitoring was possible in humans within the near-infrared light window (approximately 700 to 1000 nm) in the late 1970s. Lawrence, bb, bc Ilias Tachtsidis, z Yunjie Tong, bd Alessandro Torricelli, as, ax Tara Urner, l Heidrun Wabnitz, be Martin Wolf, aw Ursula Wolf, av Shiqi Xu, ac Changhuei Yang, bf Arjun G. Peterka, ar Antonio Pifferi, as Luca Pollonini, at Angelo Sassaroli, e João Ricardo Sato, au Felix Scholkmann, av, aw Lorenzo Spinelli, ax Vivek J. Novi, am, ap Felipe Orihuela-Espina, r Thomas D. Mesquita, am, an, * Noman Naseer, ao Sergio L. Licht, c Adam Liebert, ai Robert Luke, aj, ak Jennifer M. Fischer, s Judit Gervain, k, x Joy Hirsch, y, z Keum-Shik Hong, aa, ab Roarke Horstmeyer, ac, ad, ae Jana M. Emberson, v Qianqian Fang, w Sergio Fantini, e Maria Angela Franceschini, n Jonas B. ![]() Culver, p Ippeita Dan, q Hamid Dehghani, r Anna Devor, g Turgut Durduran, s, t Adam T. Boas, f, g Heather Bortfeld, h Kenneth Brady, i Joshua Brake, j Sabrina Brigadoi, k Erin M.
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